赤石脂的本草考证、品质评价及物相分析

Herbal Textual Research， Quality Evaluation and Phase Analysis of Halloysitum Rubrum

摘要:

该文通过查阅历代本草、医籍、方书及现代文献，对赤石脂的名称、基原、产地变迁、品质、功效、炮制加工进行系统整理与本草考证，结合性状鉴定、吸湿度和X射线衍射（XRD）检测等综合分析，以期为赤石脂正本清源提供依据。考证结果表明，其始载于《神农本草经》，不同时期均以“赤石脂”为正名，尚有赤符、红心石、吃油脂等别名。历代本草记载的赤石脂与现代硅酸盐类高岭石族多水高岭石相符，其伴生矿物主要为地开石、珍珠陶土、赤铁矿、三水铝石、云母等。古代赤石脂产地主要位于秦岭，山东，河南一带，现河南、湖北等全国大部分地区均有分布。历代品质评价包括“色理鲜腻”“细腻粘舌缀唇”“滑如脂”等，现代本草多以颜色、光泽、质地、吸湿性等方面评价其品质，包括色红、光滑、细腻、质软、黏性强等特征。赤石脂味甘、酸、辛，性温，无毒，归心经和大肠经，属收涩固脱剂，为久痢泄澼之要药。常用炮制方法包括火煅、水飞、醋淬等。对不同批次赤石脂药材的性状、XRD和吸湿度进行综合分析显示，市售赤石脂多以鲜红或棕红色为主，表面光滑如脂，质软滑润，断面纹理细腻，多具蜡样光泽，吸水性强；主要组成为高岭石中10 ?（1 ?=0.1 nm）多水高岭石，常与7 ?多水高岭石、珍珠陶土等共生；正品吸湿度整体高于伪品，可作为分辨真伪的关键指标。赤石脂的品质评价与本草考证结果一致，“色鲜理腻缀唇”可作为其品质评价的关键特征。

Abstract:

In this paper， we systematically sorted out and verified the name， origin， producing area change， quality， efficacy and processing of Halloysitum Rubrum by consulting materia medica， medical books， prescription books from past dynasties， and modern literature， and combined with the comprehensive analysis of trait identification， hygroscopicity measurement and X-ray diffraction（XRD） detection， in order to provide a basis for understanding the original source of the mineral medicine. The results indicated that Halloysitum Rubrum was first contained in the Shennong Bencaojing， it had been consistently named Chishizhi， there were also aliases such as Chifu， Hongxinshi and Chiyouzhi. The description of Halloysitum Rubrum in ancient materia medica aligns with modern findings， categorizing it under the silicate kaolinite family， specifically polyhydrous kaolinite， with associated minerals mainly being dickite， nacrite， hematite， gibbsite， mica， etc. Historically， the production area of Halloysitum Rubrum was mainly located in the Qinling Mountains， Shandong and Henan， and is now primarily distributed in most parts of China， including Henan， Hubei and other provinces. Quality evaluation in ancient times included descriptions like "fresh and greasy color"， "delicately sticky tongue and lips" and "smooth as fat". Modern materia medica mostly evaluates its quality based on color， luster， texture and hygroscopicity， noting characteristics such as red color， smoothness， delicacy， softness and strong viscosity. Halloysitum Rubrum is sweet， sour and pungent in flavor， warm in nature， non-toxic， and belongs to the heart and large intestine meridians. It acts as an astringent and solidifying agent， particularly useful in the treatment of long-term dysentery and diarrhea， common processing methods include fire calcination， water flying， and vinegar quenching. Comprehensive analysis of the traits， XRD and humidity absorption of different batches of samples showed that the commercially available Halloysitum Rubrum is mainly bright red or brownish red， with a smooth surface like grease， soft and smooth texture， delicate cross-sectional texture， and some have waxy luster and strong water absorption. It is mainly composed of 10 ?（1 ?=0.1 nm） polyhydric kaolinite， and is often accompanied by 7 ? polyhydric kaolinite， nacrite， etc. Genuine products tend to have higher moisture absorption than counterfeit ones， which can be used as a key indicator to distinguish the authenticity. The quality evaluation of Halloysitum Rubrum aligns with historical materia medica， where "fresh color， delicate and greasy lips" could serve as a key feature for its quality evaluation.