阳起石的本草考证、品质评价及物相分析

Herbal Textual Research， Quality Evaluation and Phase Analysis of Tremolitum

摘要:

该文通过查阅历代本草、医籍、方书及现代文献，对阳起石的命名、基原、产地变迁、品质、功效、炮制加工进行系统整理与本草考证，结合对15批样品的物相分析，以期为阳起石的品质评价提供依据。考证表明，历代以“阳起石”为正名，还有“白石、石生、阳举石、阳石”等别名，历代本草记载阳起石基原以硅酸盐类角闪石族矿物透闪石为主流，其伴生矿物主要为绿泥石、滑石片岩、直闪石石棉等。古代阳起石产地主要位于山东济南的“药山”一带，现主产于湖北、河南、山西、河北、山东等地。历代对阳起石的品质评价包括“色白”“狼牙”“云头雨脚”“鹭鸶毛”等，现代本草多以颜色、光泽、质地等方面来评价其品质，包括针束状，灰白色，有光泽，易捻碎者等特征。阳起石药性微温、无毒、味咸，归肾经，补命门之火、温肾壮阳。常用炮制方法包括火煅、水飞、酒制等，另有专属炮制方法升阳起石法。通过X射线衍射（XRD）分析市售阳起石药材主要组成为透闪石｛Ca₂Mg₅［Si₄O₁₁］₂（OH）₂｝，伴生矿物有方解石、石英等；颜色包括白色、浅灰色、浅绿色等，体重而质地松软，断面不整齐，有明显纤维状纹理，大部分为玻璃样光泽；市售阳起石中，透闪石质量分数较高的样品符合“色白”“鹭鸶毛”“易撕碎”等品质上乘的特征。而阳起石为透闪石的含铁异种，两者常共生。因而，通过本草考证，以及对阳起石与其类似品种的性状和成分比较，阳起石药材的基原为硅酸盐类角闪石族矿物透闪石和阳起石。

Abstract:

In this research， a comprehensive examination of historical materia medica， medical literature， medical books and contemporary literature was conducted to systematically compile and verify the naming， origin， geographical variations， quality， medicinal properties and processing of Tremolitum， and combined with the physical analysis of 15 batches of samples， with a view to providing a basis for the quality evaluation. The evidences unequivocally support Yangqishi as the rectification of name， while alternative aliases include Baishi， Shisheng， Yangjushi and Yangshi. The primary source of Tremolitum has been the silicate hornblende mineral tremolite throughout recorded history， and its accompanied minerals are mainly chlorite， talc schist， anthophyllite asbestos， etc. In ancient times， the main production area of Tremolitum was situated in the "Yaoshan Mountain" region of Jinan， Shandong province. Presently， it is primarily produced in Hubei， Henan， Shanxi， Hebei and Shandong provinces. The ancient quality evaluation of Tremolitum includes "white color"， "wolf teeth"， "cloud head and rain foot"， "heron hair"， etc. While， modern materia medica mostly evaluates its quality in terms of color， luster and texture， including the characteristics of needle bundle， grayish-white， glossy and easy to be twisted and crushed. Tremolitum is slightly warm， non-toxic， and possesses a salty taste. It is associated with the kidney meridian， known for its benefits in nourishing the fire of the gate of life， warming the kidneys and strengthening the Yang. Common processing methods include fire calcination， elutriation， and processing with wine. Additionally， there is an exclusive processing method known as the "ascending Tremolitum method". Through the X-ray diffraction（XRD） analysis， the commercially available Tremolitum is mainly composed of tremolite［Ca₂Mg₅（Si₄O₁₁）₂（OH）₂］， and the accompanied minerals are calcite and quartz， etc. Its color includes white， light gray， light green and so on， and it is weight and soft texture， irregular cross-section， with obvious fibrous texture and mostly glassy luster. Among the commercially available Tremolitum， samples with high content of tremolite are characterized by high quality features， such as "white color"， "heron hair" and "ease of tearing". Also， Tremolitum is the Fe-bearing heterogeneous species of tremolite， and the two are often symbiotic. Therefore， by the herbal textual research and the comparison of the properties and composition of Tremolitum and its similar species， it has been verified that the primary source of Tremolitum is the silicate hornblende minerals tremolite and actinolite.