钟乳石的本草考证、品质评价及物相分析

Herbal Textual Research， Quality Evaluation and Phase Analysis of Stalactitum

摘要:

该文通过查阅历代本草、医书与经典名方及现代文献，对钟乳石的名称、基原和品质评价等进行系统整理与本草考证，结合对20批样品的物相分析，以期为钟乳石品质评价提供依据。考证表明，清代前的本草多以“石钟乳”之名记载，并有“虚中”“夏石”“黄石砂”等；此外，有孔公孽、殷孽、乳床、乳华等别名混用现象，现代多以钟乳石为正名。本草记载的钟乳石与现代碳酸盐类矿物方解石族方解石相符，形状略呈圆锥形或圆柱形，大多有白、灰、黄3种颜色，中心常有孔洞，碳酸钙（CaCO₃）质量分数在95%以上。历代品质评价包括“鹅翎管”“蝉翼”“明白”“光润”等，更注重光泽；现代评价包括“色白、空心、有亮光，多层纹、断面具闪星状亮光”等特征。扫描电镜下钟乳石可见明显的层纹特征，颗粒大小均匀，而鹅管石呈不规则状；通过不同批次的钟乳石的性状、微性状对比，X射线衍射（XRD）检测和CaCO₃含量测定等，不同批次钟乳石药材物相组成大致相似，均以方解石为主，另含镁方解石，“光润”“闪星状亮光多”者CaCO₃质量分数相对更高，为其品质评价的关键特征，“色白”可作为品质参考，“层纹”“乳头状突起”可作为药材鉴定特征，与本草考证结果基本一致。该研究结果为矿物类药物的质量评价提供参考，以期更好地指导临床用药和资源合理利用。

Abstract:

Aiming to provide the foundation for the quality evaluation， in this paper， a comprehensive examination of historical materia medica， medical books and modern literature was conducted to systematically compile and verify the naming， origin and quality of Stalactitum， combined with the phase analysis of 20 batches of samples. The investigation indicates that before the Qing dynasty， Stalactitum was often referred to as Shizhongru， and there are other aliases such as Xuzhong， Xiashi and Huangshisha. In addition， there are some homologous mixed names such as Konggongnie， Yinnie， Ruchuang， Ruhua， but Zhongrushi is more commonly used. The descriptions of Stalactitum in ancient materia medica align with modern carbonate mineral calcite， slightly conical or cylindrical in shape， mostly white， grey and yellow in colour， often with a hole in the centre， and has a calcium carbonate content of 95% or more. Historical quality assessments include phrases such as gooseneck tube， cicada wing， bright and white， and brightness， the gloss is the most crucial feature. Modern evaluations encompass features like white color， hollow interior， brightness， multiple layers of patterns， and cross-sectional mask spark-like luminosity. Under the scanning electron microscope， Stalactitum showed obvious layered characteristics and uniform particle size， while the OS Balanophylliae was irregular. By comparing the characteristics and micro-features of Stalactitum from different batches， along with X-ray diffraction（XRD） and determination of calcium carbonate， the phase composition of different batches of Stalactitum was roughly similar， all of them were dominated by calcite， with magnesium calcite as an additional ingredient， the content of CaCO₃ was relatively higher for those with brightness and a lot of spark-like luminosity， which were key features of its quality evaluation， the white color could be used as a quality reference， and layered patterns and papillary bulge could be used as a medicinal material identification feature， which were basically consistent with the results of herbal textual research. This study can provide a reference for the quality evaluation of mineral medicines， and can better guide their clinical use and rational utilization of resources.