砂仁的化学成分、药理活性及鉴别的研究进展

Chemical Constituents， Pharmacological Activities， and Identification of Amomi Fructus： A Review

摘要:

砂仁为姜科植物阳春砂Amomum villosum、绿壳砂Amomum villosum Var. xanthiondes和海南砂Amomum longiligulare的干燥成熟果实。砂仁作为著名的“四大南药”之一，同时也是一种“药食同源”的食材，在我国主产于广东省、云南省和海南省等地。近年来，随着“健康中国”战略的深入实施，砂仁因其显著的药用价值而逐渐受到越来越多公众的青睐。同时，对其化学成分、药理作用和鉴别方法的研究也得到了学者的广泛关注。砂仁的化学成分相当复杂，主要成分包括乙酸龙脑酯、樟脑和龙脑等挥发性成分，及多糖、多酚和矿质元素等非挥发性成分；砂仁的药理作用广泛，包括胃肠保护、降脂减肥、降血糖、降尿酸、抗氧化、抗炎、抗菌和镇痛等；砂仁的鉴别技术包括显微技术鉴别、分子生物学技术鉴别和电化学指纹图谱鉴别等至关重要，关系到砂仁的品质控制、使用安全性和有效性。然而，近年来较全面地归纳总结砂仁的研究鲜有报道，这限制了砂仁的深入研究和高值化开发利用。文章系统地综述了砂仁的化学成分、药理活性及鉴别的研究进展，并提出了砂仁未来的研究展望。

Abstract:

Amomi Fructus （AF） refers to the dried mature fruit of Amomum villosum A. villosum. var. xanthiondes， and A. longiligulare， all belonging to the Zingiberaceae family. As one of the renowned "Four Southern Medicines"， AF is also classified as an ingredient featured by "medicinal and food homology". It is mainly produced in Guangdong， Yunnan， and Hainan provinces in China. In recent years， with the in-depth implementation of the "Healthy China" strategy， AF has gained increasing popularity among the public due to its significant medicinal value. At the same time， research on its chemical composition， pharmacological effects， and identification methods has garnered widespread attention from scholars. The chemical composition of AF is highly complex. Its primary constituents include volatile components such as borneol acetate， camphor， and borneol， as well as non-volatile components such as polysaccharides， polyphenols， and mineral elements. AF possesses a wide range of pharmacological effects， including gastrointestinal protection， lipid-lowering and weight loss， glucose-lowering， uric acid-lowering， antioxidant， anti-inflammatory， antibacterial， and analgesic activities. The identification techniques for AF， including microscopic identification， molecular biological identification， and electrochemical fingerprinting， are crucial for its quality control， safety， and efficacy. However， in recent years， there have been few comprehensive summaries of research on AF， which limits further in-depth research and high-value development and utilization of AF. This article systematically reviewed the research progress on the chemical composition， pharmacological activity， and identification methods of AF， and is expected to provide prospects for future research.